Industry / University Alliances

The subject of industry/university partnerships is a popular ( and often controversial) subject. This related bibliography has been under construction for a while, but we were prompted to make it available because of the arrival of four new books on the subject. They are: Knowledge Clusters and University-Industry Cooperation, Academic Entrepreneurship: University Spinoffs and Wealth Creation, and Academic Entrepreneurship: A Source of Competitive Advantage. Taking Research to Market: How to Build and Invest in Successful University Spinouts.

See our related guide on Clusters.

Update: July 2010

A couple of recent developments caused us to re-visit this subject which we have covered over the years. The first was the local announcement that “The World-renowned Fraunhofer Institute of Chemical Technology Looks to Call London Home”. According to the Western News of June 29, 2010:

“This Centre would be unique in Canada and could make London and our region the leading site for advanced composite materials research and manufacturing-scale testing,” says Western President Amit Chakma. “The international reputation of the Fraunhofer Institute would be a great draw and this facility would be utilized by companies in several industrial sectors including the auto sector, the air and space industry, renewable energy, and construction.”

Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft is the largest organization for applied research in Europe with more than 80 research units, including 62 Fraunhofer Institutes at different locations in Germany as well as research centers and offices in Europe, the U.S., Asia and the Middle East.

It has 17,000 staff (mostly qualified scientists and engineers) and has an annual research budget of over $2 billion. Two thirds of the research revenue is derived from contracts with industry and from publicly financed research projects.

The International Composites Research Centre would be located at the new Advanced Manufacturing Park in London.

The second impetus for an update was provided by a very interesting article in The New York Times - “The Idea Incubator, by Bob Tedeschi (June 25, 2010). This brief excerpt also introduces a new term which researchers interested in this subject can use in their searches – “proof of concept center”:

“At first glance, the centers look like academic versions of business incubators. But universities are getting involved now at a much earlier stage than incubators typically do. Rather than offering seed money to businesses that already have a product and a staff, as incubators usually do, the universities are harvesting great ideas and then trying to find investors and businesspeople interested in developing them further and exploring their commercial viability.
In the jargon of academia, the locations of such matchmaking are known as “proof-of-concept centers,” and they’re among a number of new approaches to commercializing university research in more efficient and purposeful ways — and to preventing good ideas from dying quietly. The first proof-of-concept center, the William J. von Liebig Center, was established in 2001 at the University of California, San Diego. “

Among the new books on the subject which can added to the ones listed below see:

Knowledge Loves Company: Successful Models of Cooperation Between Universities and Companies in Europe

Professional Communication: Collaboration Between Academics and Practitioners

Spin-Outs: Creating Businesses from University Intellectual Property

Structures of Scientific Collaboration

 

Update: 2008
See the new work below by Etzkowitz. - The Triple Helix: University-Industry-Government Innovation In Action (LC1085.E89 2008)

For recent information related to Ontario see: "Ontario Centres of Excellence Partners Industry With Universities," by Marilyn Sinclair, London Free Press, Feb.20, 2008

See also the new working paper by Markus Perkmann and Kathryn Walsh: "Engaging the Scholar: Three Types of Academic Consulting and Their Impact on Universities and Industry,": Abstract: We present a conceptual framework of academic consulting and explore its impacts on universities and the benefits to innovating firms. We distinguish between three types of academic consulting: opportunity-driven, commercialization-driven and research-driven. Exploring the implications of these different types, firstly, we postulate that consulting has limited impact on biasing academic research towards more 'applied' themes. Secondly, while we expect research-driven consulting activities to be positively associated with research productivity, opportunity-driven consulting will have a negative impact. Thirdly, we differentiate between different functions of academic consulting for different types of firms.

Update: 2007(new entries have been added - 2007. For books see, for example, the Carayannis and Sherif entries. For new articles(with abstracts) see: Harryson, Perkmann and Lam among others).
Most of the monographs in this lengthy bibliography have been linked if they are available in the collections of the Western Libraries. For assistance in locating the articles, consult with a librarian. A number of databases can be used.

 

Samples:
The article "The Complex Relations Between the Academy and Industry: Views From Literature" is available in the Journal of Higher Education from the ProQuest database (among others). The author reviews the implications of fundamental changes in the nature of universities' interaction with industry.
Abstract:
This report on university-industry relations and their effects on higher education is based on three recently published books: Slaughter and Leslie's Academic Capitalism , Etzkowitz, Webster, and Healey's Capitalizing Knowledge, and Tudiver's Universities For Sale.

Using Factiva, for example, we quickly found this Canadian example: "University Boasts Its First Listed Spinoff: Protox Therapeutics Has Its Origins a the University of Victoria," Barry Critchley, Financial Post, July 19, 2004.

We will continue to work on this subject and make additional information available.

Bibliography

Abelson, Philip H. "Academic Science and Industry" Science, vol.183, issue.4131, March 1974.

Agrawal, Ajay. "University-to-Industry Knowledge Transfer: Literature Review and Unanswered Questions." International Journal of Management Reviews. V.3 No 4 Dec. 2001. p. 285-302

Allesch, J. "Innovation centers and science parks in the Federal Republic of Germany: current situation and ingredients for success." Science Parks and Innovation Centers: their Economic and Social Impact.

Armstrong, Bob. "Investing in Big Thinkers: University of Manitoba's Smart Park" Manitoba Business, July/August 2005

Artley, Richard John, et.al. Making Money Out of Technology: Best Practice in Technology Exploitation From Academic Sources. (BUS HD45.M3245 2003)
"ETeCH AG is pleased to announce the publication of this major new book, based on direct experience over the last twenty years and comprehensive recent surveys, which addresses how Universities and other academic institutions, which create many potentially valuable technologies, can best exploit these to unlock their potential value."
Additional information is currently found on this web site.

Ashby, Eric. Technology and the Academics.

Baer, Walter S. Strengthening University-Industry Interactions.

Baer, Walter S. University Relationships with other R&D Performers.

Bagalay, J. E. Jr. "The University as Entrepreneur." Industry and Higher Education, vol. 6, no. 3

Barden, L. "University-Business Partnerships - Effects on Regional Economic Development." Industry and Higher Education, vol. 7, no. 4

Battenburg, Joseph, R. "Forging Links Between Industry and the Academic World." Journal of the Society of Research Administrators, vol.XII, Winter 1981.

Benner, M. and U. Sandstrom. "Institutionalizing the Triple Helix: Research Funding and Norms in the Academic System". Research Policy, vol. 29, 2000.

Behrens, T.R. and D.O. Gray. "Unintended Consequences of Cooperative Research: Impact of Industry Sponsorship on Climate for Acemic Freedom and Other Graduate Student Outcomes". Research Policy, vol. 30, 2001.

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Blumenstyk, Goldie, "Chasing the Rainbow: A Venture Capitalist on the Trail of University-based Companies,"
The Chronicle of Higher Education, March 15, 2002.

A SAMPLING OF OTHER UNIVERSITY-ORIENTED VENTURE-CAPITAL FIRMS

ARCH Venture Partners (http://www.archventures.com)
The firm, which was founded in Chicago in 1992 as a spinoff of a fund started by the University of Chicago, has five funds totaling more than $700-million. It invests mostly in technology companies with ties to academic researchers, in amounts of $5-million to $10-million per company. Its investments include Adolor Corporation (University of Pennsylvania), a biopharmaceutical company, and Netbot Inc. (University of Washington), which produces Web-surfing tools.

Diamondhead Ventures (http://www.dhven.com)
Founded in Menlo Park, Calif., in 2000, the firm has total funds of $140-million, up to half of which it will invest in technologies emerging from universities. Its typical investment is $3-million, and its investments include firstRain (Princeton University), which develops filtering tools for Internet users, and Intraspect Software Inc. (Stanford University), which develops Web-based work spaces for business.

Dot Edu Ventures (http://www.doteduventures.com)
The firm, founded in Palo Alto, Calif., in 2000, has a total of $20-million and invests up to $500,000 in companies started by professors and students at research universities. Its investments include Centrata Inc. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), which produces management tools for data centers, and Bytemobile Inc. (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign), a wireless Internet infrastructure company.

RCT BioVentures West (http://www.rctbvw.com) and RCT BioVentures NE (http://www.rctbvne.com)
Created by Research Corporation Technologies, of Tuscon, Ariz., to invest in new biotechnology companies. Both BioVentures West, started in 1997 and based in Menlo Park, Calif., and BioVentures NE, created in 1999 in Concord, Mass., are $15-million funds financed by RCT. They concentrate on new technology companies in their regions, many of which have ties to higher education. BioVentures West typically invests $100,000 to $1-million per company; BioVentures NE, $500,000 to $750,000. Investments include: Cyternex Inc. (University of Texas at Austin), a biotechnology company developing gene-targeting anti-cancer agents, and Sedecim Therapeutics Inc. (Boston University), which works with cytokines to develop treatments for HIV infection and asthma.

Anonymous, “Industry-University IP Relations: Integrating Perspectives and Policy Solutions”, Research Technology Management. Arlington:Sep/Oct 2007. Vol. 50, Iss. 5, p. 72 (1 pp.)

Anonymous. “Industry-university partnerships grants offered,” in the New Hampshire Business Review. Concord:Feb 02, 2007. Vol. 29, Iss. 3, p. 40

Anonymous, “University-Industry Partnership to Create Jobs in Upstate New York,” Area Development Site and Facility Planning. Easton:Aug/Sep 2007. Vol. 42, Iss. 4, p. 12 (1 pp.)
JPMorgan Chase employees and Syracuse University faculty and students will work together to create the interdisciplinary curriculum focused on the fields of financial and information technology and to sponsor new research and development activities.

Azagra-Caro, Joaquin, “What type of faculty member interacts with what type of firm? Some reasons for the delocalisation of university-industry interaction,” Technovation. Amsterdam: Nov 2007. Vol. 27, Iss. 11, p. 704-715
While there is significant interest in improving university-industry interaction, literature on the university side has tended not to focus on the characteristics of the personnel involved and has largely ignored the issue that there are differences between types of faculty member in their degrees of interaction. This question is especially relevant at regional level, as those faculty members who do interact with industry may show a preference for firms that are larger and technologically superior to those in the region. Most analysts, however, have tended to focus on the national level, particularly on those countries at the forefront of technological innovation. In the absence of any formal theory, we propose a two-step method to formulate the hypothesis that only selected faculty members interact with selected firms. First, we identify the type of faculty member who interacts with firms. Second, we examine whether this type of faculty member interacts with every type of firm. A test sample is drawn from the Valencian Community of Spain, a region with low absorptive capacity, where firms may show undesirable properties for university interaction. The results allow us to challenge the view that certain individual universities may show a higher propensity for interaction once we take into account differences between the individual characteristics of their faculty members. We also claim that in a region like the Valencian Community, faculty members who usually participate in contracts (male, holding an administrative position) do so mainly with larger firms, but not with firms from their own region, where they find lower technological standards. This partly explains the delocalisation of university-industry interaction.

Bower, D. Jane, Company and Campus Partnership : Supporting Technology Transfer.

Bower, D. Jane. "Company R&D on Campus - US and UK experience." Long Range Planning.

Bower, D.J. "Successful Joint Ventures in Science Parks." Long Range Planning.

Brown, G. and O'Brien, T. "University-Industry Links: Government as Blacksmith." Technovation vol.1, 1981.

Burnett, J. D. A Review of Academic/Industrial Cooperation: A Summary

Business-Higher Education Forum, Working Together, Creating Knowledge: The University-Industry Research Collaboration Initiative.

Canadian Press. "Commercialization Program to Cost $63M". London Free Press. June 24, 2004

Carayannis, Elias G. and David F.J. Campbell. Knowledge Creation, Diffusion, and Use in Innovation Networks and Knowledge Clusters : A Comparative Systems Approach Across the United States, Europe, and Asia HC110.T4K59 2006
See especially: “The University/business Research Networks in Science and Technology : Knowledge Production Trends in the United States, European Union, and Japan,” by David F. J. Campbell

Casimir, H.B.G. "Some Basic Rules for Good Industry-University Relations." Research Management, November, 1977.

Casimir, H.B.G. "Industries and Academic Freedom." Research Policy, vol.1, no. 1, November 1971.

Charles, D., S. Hayward, and D. Thomas. "Science Parks and Regional Technology Strategies." Industry and Higher Education, vol.9, no.6.

Chernow, F. "Industry/University Relationship Can Work." Research Development, September 1970.

Chrisman, James, J. T. Hynes, and S. Fraser. "Faculty Entrepreneurship and Economic Development: The Case of the University of Calgary." Journal of Business Venturing. 1998.

Clark, B. Creating Entrepreneurial Universities Organizational Pathways of Transformation. New York: IAU Press, 1998.

Clark, R. "Japan, an Independent Comment": Government, Universities and Industry.

Coberly, Camden A. "Research and University-Industry Interaction." Engineering Education, vol.69, no. 6, March 1979.

Cohen, W.M., R., Florida, R. Randazzese, L. and J. Walsh. Industry and the academy: uneasy partners in the cause of technological advance.

Collier, D.M. "Research-Based Venture Companies: The Link Between Market and Technology." Research Management vol.XVII, no. 3, May 1974.

Conference Board

- Best Practices in University-Industry Technology partnerships.
- Business and Education: A Fragile Partnership.
- Evaluating Business-Education Collaboration: value Assessment.
- Reaching for Success: Business and Education Working Together : First National Conference on Business- Education Partnerships.
- Profiles of Partnerships : Business-Education Partnerships that Enhance Student Retention
- Operating Principles for Business-Education Partnerships
- Ethical Guidelines for Business-Education Partnerships
- Corporate Support for Mathematics and Science Education Improvement
- Beyond Business/Education Partnerships: The Business Experience

Cooley, Mike. "The University as a Factory." New Scientist, vol 70, no. 1006, June 1976.

Cooper, Denys, G. T. "University Spin-off Firms: Their Economic Impact in Canada: Industrial research Assistance Program-National Research Council of Canada." 1997.

Corsten, H. "Technology transfer from universities to small and Medium-sized enterprisesan empirical survey form the standpoint of such enterprises." Technovation vol.6.

Cox, J.F. et al. "An Analysis of Operations Research - Management Science Industrial-Academic Interface." Management Science Industrial -Academic Interface." Interfaces vol. 9, no. 1, 1978.

Culliton, Barbara. "Biomedical Research Enters the Marketplace." New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 304, May 1981.

Culliton, Barbara. "Harvard and Monsanto: The $23-Million Alliance." Science, vol.219, no. 14, January 1983.

Culliton, Barbara. "The Academic-Industrial Complex." Science, vol. 216, 28 May 1982.

Culliton, Barbara. "Academe and Industry Debate Partnership." Science, vol. 219, no. 14, January 1983.

Dean, C.W. "A Study of University/Small Business Interaction for Technology Transfer." Technovation, vol.1, 1981.

D'Este, P. and P. Pael, “University-industry linkages in the UK: What are the factors underlying the variety of interactions with industry?” Research Policy. Amsterdam:Nov 2007. Vol. 36, Iss. 9, p. 1295
This paper examines the different channels through which academic researchers interact with industry and the factors that influence the researchers' engagement in a variety of interactions. This study is based on a large scale survey of UK academic researchers. The results show that university researchers interact with industry using a wide variety of channels, and engage more frequently in the majority of the channels examined - such as consultancy & contract research, joint research, or training - as compared to patenting or spin-out activities. In explaining the variety and frequency of interactions, we find that individual characteristics of researchers have a stronger impact than the characteristics of their departments or universities. Finally, we argue that by paying greater attention to the broad range of knowledge transfer mechanisms (in addition to patenting and spin-outs), policy initiatives could contribute to building the researchers' skills necessary to integrate the worlds of scientific research and application.

Deutch, J. "Getting University industry relations right." Technology Review. May-June, vol.65.

Dietrich, J. J. and Sen, Rajat. "Government-University-Industry Interaction in 'Research and Development: A Case Study." Research Management, September, 1981.

Dietrich, J. J. and Sen, Rajat. "Making Industry-University-Government Collaboration Work." Research Management, vol. XXIV, no. 5, September 1981.

Dineen, D.A. "The Role of a University in Regional Economic Development." University and Higher Education, vol.9.

Doan, H.D. "New Arrangements for Industry-Academic Research." Research Management, vol.XXI, Vo.2, March 1978.

Dooley, Lawrence and David Kirk, “University-industry collaboration:Grafting the entrepreneurial paradigm onto academic structures,” European Journal of Innovation Management. Bradford: 2007. Vol. 10, Iss. 3, p. 316
The paper aims to identify the requisite attributes and organisation to be displayed by a research university in order to engage successfully in collaborative research with industry partners. The conceptual framework contrasts the traditional public funding model against the requirements of the "triple helix" model of government-university-industry research funding. The framework supports the exploration of a case study of a long-standing and successful joint research partnership, the Dundee-Kinases Consortium, which links a world-class life sciences research centre and a group of global pharmaceutical companies. The case study provides a starting point, and additional case examinations will confirm the role of resource competences and organisational capabilities in facilitating performance by way of knowledge generation and transfer between partners. The design and leadership of the consortium achieves vital performance outcomes, namely: accelerating the production of new knowledge about cell signalling processes relating to serious diseases; and faster transfer of new knowledge into drug development processes of pharmaceutical companies. The development of key enabling capabilities by the university, allied with routines for academic-industry researcher interface, are essential elements of the partnering design. The paper demonstrates that university-industry partnerships build on government-university funding, that university-industry relationships foster new university capabilities, and moreover, that academic publication is not displaced by the requirements of industry partners.

Dorfman, N. "Route 128: the development of a regional high technology economy." Research Policy, vol. 12, 1983.

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Doutriaux, J. "High-Tech Start-ups Better off with Government Contracts than with Subsidies: new evidence in Canada." Transactions on Engineering Management, vol. 38.

Doutriaux, Jérôme^a, "University-Industry Linkages and the Development of Knowledge Clusters in Canada, Local Economy, Vol.18, No.1, February, 2003, p.63.
"Research on Systems of Innovation has illustrated the role of local institutions and networks in regional development. This paper looks critically at Canada's 11 most active knowledge clusters and at the impact of university-industry co-operation on their development. It concludes that Canadian universities are more often a catalyst for development than a driver, government laboratories and industry being the primary factors leading to cluster growth and success".

Doutriaux, Jerome and G. Dew. "Motivation of academic entrepreneurs and spin-off development: Analysis of regional and university effect through case studies." Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research Conference. 1992.

Doutriaux, Jerome and Margaret Barker. "The university-industry relationship in science and technology." Industry Canada Occasional Paper, no.11.

Doutriaux, Jerome. "Canadian Science Parks, Universities and Regional Development", in Local and Regional Systems of Innovation.

Drake, R. M. Jr. "Industry and the Academy: an Uncertain Alliance." Engineering Education, vol. 64, no. 4, January 1974.

Economist. "Getting Business and Research on the Same Track." The Economist, 16 May, 1981.

Etzkowitz, Henry et al. "The Future of the University and the University of the Future: Evolution from Ivory Towerr to Entrepreneurial Paradigm." Research Policy, vol. 29, 2000.

Etzkowitz, Henry
The Triple Helix: University-Industry-Government Innovation In Action (LC1085.E89 2008)
"A Triple Helix of university-industry-government interactions is the key to innovation in increasingly knowledge-based societies. As the creation, dissemination, and utilization of knowledge moves from the periphery to the center of industrial production and governance, the concept of innovation, in product and process, is itself being transformed. In its place is a new sense of 'innovation in innovation' - the restructuring and enhancement of the organizational arrangements and incentives that foster innovation.This triple helix intersection of relatively independent institutional spheres generates hybrid organizations such as technology transfer offices in universities, firms, and government research labs and business and financial support institutions such as angel networks and venture capital for new technology-based firms that are increasingly developing around the world. The Triple Helix describes this new innovation model and assists students, researchers, and policymakers in addressing such questions as: How do we enhance the role of universities in regional economic and social development? How can governments, at all levels, encourage citizens to take an active role in promoting innovation in innovation and, conversely, how can citizens so encourage their governments? How can firms collaborate with each other and with universities and government to become more innovative? What are the key elements and challenges to reaching these goals?"

Etzkowitz, H. "Entrepreneurial Scientists and Entrepreneurial Universities in American Academic Science." Minerva, vol.21.

Etzkovitz, H. "The Second Academic Revolution: The Role of the Research University in Economic Development, in S. E. Cozzens et al. (eds.)." The Research System in Transition, 1990.

Evans, D., E. Starbuck, T. Kiresuk, and R. Gee. "Center for interfacial engineering: an experiment in building industry-university partnerships." International Journal of Technology Management no. 8.

Finn, Valentin and Rasmus Lund Jensen, “Effects on academia-industry collaboration of extending university property rights,” in Journal of Technology Transfer. Indianapolis:Jun 2007. Vol. 32, Iss. 3, p. 251 (26 pp.)
Several recent studies show European university scientists contributing far more frequently to company-owned patented inventions than they do to patents owned by universities or by the academic scientists themselves. Recognising the significance of this channel for direct commercialisation of European academic research makes it important to understand its response to current Bayh-Dole inspired reforms of university patenting rights. This paper studies the contribution from university scientists to inventions patented by dedicated biotech firms (DBFs) specialised in drug discovery in Denmark and Sweden, which in this respect share a number of structural and historic characteristics. It examines effects of the Danish Law on University Patenting (LUP) effective January 2000, which transferred to the employer university rights to patents on inventions made by Danish university scientists alone or as participants in collaborative research with industry. Sweden so far has left property rights with academic scientists, as they also were in Denmark prior to the reform. Consequently, comparison of Danish and Swedish research collaboration before and after LUP offers a quasi-controlled experiment, bringing out effects on joint research of university IPR reform. In original data on all 3,640 inventor contributions behind the 1,087 patents filed by Danish and Swedish DBFs 1990-2004, Difference-in-Difference regressions uncover notable LUP-induced effects in the form of significant reductions in contributions from Danish domestic academic inventors, combined with a simultaneous substitutive increase of non-Danish academic inventors. A moderate increase in academic inventions channelled into university owned-patents does appear after LUP. But the larger part of the inventive potential of academia, previously mobilised into company-owned patents, seems to have been rendered inactive as a result of the reform. As a likely explanation of these effects the paper suggests that exploratory research, the typical target of joint university-DBF projects in drug discovery, fits poorly into LUP's requirement for ex ante allocation of IPR. The Pre-LUP convention of IPR allocated to the industrial partner in return for research funding and publication rights to the academic partner may have offered more effective contracting for this type of research. There are indications that LUP, outside the exploratory agenda of drug discovery, offers a more productive framework for inventions requiring less complicated and uncertain post-discovery R&D

Frye, J. "University -industry cooperative research yields dividends." International Journal of Technology Management. no.8.

Fusfield, H.I. "Industry/University R&D, New Approaches to Support and Working Relationships." Research Management, vol. XIX, no. 3, May 1976.

Fusfield, H.I. "What is the Role of Basic Research in Industry?" Research Management, July 1972.

Garnsey, E. "The Entrepreneurial University: The Idea and Its Critics" in S. Yusuf and K. Nabeshima, eds. How Universities Promote Economic Growth. Washington: The World Bank, 2007.

Geisler, E. "Industry-University technology cooperation: a theory of inter-organizational relationships." Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, no. 7.

Geisler, E. and A. Furino. "University-industry-government cooperation: research horizons." International Journal of Technology management, no. 8.

Gerwin, D., V. Kumar, and S. Pal. "Transfer of advanced manufacturing technology from Canadian universities to industry." Technology Transfer, no.12 (Spring-Summer).

Geuna, A. The Economic of Knowledge Production: Funding and the Structure of University Research. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 1999.

Geuna, A. "The Changing Rationale for European Research University Funding: Are There Negative Unintended Consequences?" Journal of Economic Issues, vol. 35, no. 3, 2001.

Giamatti, A. Bertbett. "The University, Industry and Cooperative Research." Science, vol. 218, no. 24, December 1982.

Gibb, J. M. Science Parks and Innovation Centers: Their Economic and Social Impact.

Gray, D. O. Technological Innovation - Strategies for a New Partnership

Graycar, Adam. "Influence of Industry in Higher Education: A Survey of Viewpoints." Australian Journal of Education, vol.19, no. 3, October 1975.

Griliches, Z. R&D. Patents and Productivity.

Hamilton, W. B. "The Research Triangle of North Carolina: A Study in Leadership for the Common Wealth." South Atlantic Quarterly, vol. 65, Spring 1966.

Harryson, Sigvald, et al. “Flexibility in innovation through external learning: exploring two models for enhanced industry-university collaboration”. International Journal of Technology Management. Geneva: 2008. Vol. 41, Iss. 1/2, p. 109
This paper draws on extensive theoretical research and literature reviews, and presents two cases to illustrate practical applications. It addresses the problem of how learning both from extracorporate sources, like universities, as well as across internal corporate functions, like R&D and manufacturing, can enhance company flexibility and performance in innovation. This paper aims at delivering a new theoretical rationale for industry-university (I-U) learning alliances as a natural way out from the managerial problem of trying to perform both exploration and exploitation within the same company boundaries. Through our theoretical framework, the academic science domain becomes a logical partner to handle the full phase of exploration and support the process of exploitation. The presented cases of Packman and HiFiPower offer new insight into how to perform this act in practice.

Haugender, Rudy. "High Tech Hotbed. " Victoria Times Colonist. Oct. 14, 2005.

Hay, Rober D. "A Canadian University Experience in Technological Innovation and Entrepreneurship." Technovation, vol.I no. 1, February 1981.

Healy, F. H. "Industry's Need for Basic Research." Research Management, vol. XXI, no.6, November 1978.

Henderson, R., Jappe, A. and M. Trajtenberg "Universitiesas a source of commercial technology: a detailed analysis of university patenting" Review of Economics and Statistics, vol.80, no. 1.

Hershberg, Eric, et al. “Opening the Ivory Tower to Business: University-Industry Linkages and the Development of Knowledge-Intensive Clusters in Asian Cities,” World Development. Oxford:Jun 2007. Vol. 35, Iss. 6, p. 931
In a globalizing environment in which the competitiveness of firms and the economic prosperity of major urban centers hinges on technological dynamism and the capacity to nurture innovation, universities have an increasingly vital role. Beyond the traditional role of teaching, leading universities in middle and lower-middle income countries are finding that the need to enlarge or build research capabilities in basic research and also in technology development is being urged upon them by governments and by firms. This collection of papers charts progress to date indicates where it might be heading and assesses the pace and direction of change.

Horn, Dean, A. "University-Industry Programs." Science, vol. 207, no. 4433, February, 1980.

Jaffe, A., Trajtenberg, M. and Henderson, R. "The real effects of academic research." American Economic Review vol. 79, 1989.

Jelinek, Mariann, Stephen Markham, “Industry-University IP Relations: Integrating Perspectives and Policy Solutions,” in IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management. New York:May 2007. Vol. 54, Iss. 2, p. 257
Despite a long and productive U.S. history, industry-university (I-U) relations have become increasingly testy around intellectual property (IP). The Bayh-Dole Act is cited the driver for sharply increased university patenting, less fundamental research focus, and disinterest in traditional missions, although there is little data to corroborate these conclusions. A National Science Foundation (NSF)-sponsored workshop points to I-U relationship issues in the context of the path a new technology must follow from lab to market. We propose some critical variables affecting I-U IP relationships; describe areas of agreement and contention between the parties, drawing also on secondary data and the broader literature of I-U relations; and offer IP policy observations of interest to universities, researchers and technology transfer managers, their industry counterparts, and government. We end with propositions for further research.

Jensen, R. and Thursby, M. Proofs and Prototypes for Sale: the Tale of University Licensing NBER Working Paper 6698.

Kobus, J.A. "Universities and the Creation of Spin-off Companies." Industry and Higher Education, vol.6, no.3.

Lam, Alice. “Knowledge Networks and Careers: Academic Scientists in Industry-University Links” The Journal of Management Studies. Oxford :Sep 2007. Vol. 44, Iss. 6, p. 993
Careers are central to our understanding of the knowledge creation dynamics of network organizations. Based on the example of R&D project collaboration between firms and universities, this paper examines the emerging forms of career models that support knowledge flows between organizations. It explores how some large firms in the high-technology sectors have sought to break away from the limitations of internal R&D and firm-based careers for scientists by engaging in external collaborative projects to gain access to the open knowledge networks of university researchers. It examines how the firms seek to forge close institutional ties with their university partners and develop network career structures in order to engage academic scientists in joint knowledge production. It argues that firms have sought to extend their human resource and knowledge boundaries into the established internal labour markets of the universities with which they collaborate, leading to the formation of a pool of joint human resources with work experiences and career patterns straddling the two sectors. The paper develops the concept of an 'overlapping internal labour market' to provide a conceptual bridge between internal labour markets and network organizations.

Lawton, Smith, H. and M. Atkinson. "Industry-Academic Links and Local Development. Industry and Higher Education, vol.6, no.3.

Lee, Sang Suk & Jerome Osteryoung, "A Comparison of Critical Success Factors for Effective Operations of University Business Incubators in the United States and Korea," Journal of Small Business Management, Vol.42, No.4, October 2004, p.418.

Lerner, Josh. "The University and the Start-Up: Lessons from the Past Two Decades," Journal of Technology Transfer, Vol.30, No.1/2, Dec.2004, p.49-56.

Libecap, Gary
Advances in the Study of Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Economic Growth: University Entrepreneurship and Technology Transfer: Process, Design, and Intellectual Property (HB 615.A38 v.16 2005)
"This volume of 12 chapters contains some of the latest research on university-based technology transfer, intellectual property issues, and the entrepreneurship program/technology transfer interface. Eleven of the papers are from the Colloquium on Entrepreneurship Education and Technology Transfer held at the White Stallion Ranch, Tucson, Arizona, January 21-23, 2005, organized by the Karl Eller Center, University of Arizona, and funded by the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation of Kansas City. Patterns of technology transfer are outlined in papers by Donald Siegel, Phillip Phan, David Mowery, and David Audretsch, Max Keilbach, and Erik Lehmann. They describe the determinants of technology transfer, its impact, and challenges within a university setting. The history of university licensing activity is provided. Intellectual property issues and questions of the relationship between traditional basic university research and applied, potentially commercial research are described in papers by Katherine Strandburg, David Adelman, and Brett Frischmann. The ineffectiveness of university blocking patents in certain areas of the biosciences is discussed, along with broader questions of licensing and ownership. Interdisciplinary university entrepreneurship programs are outlined in papers by Jerry Thursby, Marie Thursby, Thomas Byers and Andrew Nelson, and Arthur Boni and S. Thomas Emerson. The authors detail the approaches taken at four universities to link entrepreneurship programs to technology transfer and technology transfer offices. The insights for adoption elsewhere are valuable. The final chapter by Morton Kamien is an essay on the characteristics and importance of entrepreneurs in the growth of a society."

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The purpose of the paper is to analyse empirically research-oriented university-industry relationships based on the incorporation of relationship marketing (RM) and technology transfer theory. This paper is based on an extensive literature review and initial qualitative research, a conceptual model is presented and tested using structural equation modelling methods. Analysis was conducted, and is reported, in three steps, including path analysis and hypothesis testing, model re-specification and a multi-group analysis comparing university and industry respondents. Trust, commitment and integration were found to positively influence satisfaction and were confirmed as key drivers of successful university-industry relationships. While trust was the strongest driver of satisfaction, commitment emerged as the strongest predictor of intention to renew. The results also confirmed the proposed interrelationships between the relationship characteristics. Organisational compatibility emerged as positively influencing all relationship characteristics, indicating its relevance for university-industry relationships and suggesting its potential importance for other relationships crossing essentially different organisational environments. Surprisingly, only a weak influence of staff personal experience on commitment was found.

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Abstract:
Among the papers, these three relate to industry/university collaboration.
“Innovating and Developing Mobile Services in University-company Collaboration” Juha Nummi, Katja Lahenius
“Upsurge of University Spin-offs in Japan,” Masayuki Kondo
“Sector-based vs. National-based Explanations of the Triptych Government/industry/academic Research in Sefense Related R&D projects: Instances from France, the U.K. and the U.S.A.”, Valerie Merindol, David Versailles

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